|
|
Educational Process
Form of EducationWe are using similar educational guidelines as in universities in the United States and European Union. To ensure similarity in education, we adhere to the provisions and principles of the Bologna Process, accepted by American and European educational institutions. See Bologna Process below. Our education can be described as education through correspondence. In our place, burden of responsibilities would be largely shifted to students. We will not force you to study; you must have your own desire for knowledge. We will be examining your work, but only you will be that person that can hold actual knowledge. There would be no reason for cheating. Only your personal knowledge is that factor that will help you to find and to hold your future job. In our University we are creating future leaders that are mature and independent individuals willing to use own efforts in educational process. All studies are independent (no counseling, no individual or group tutoring). Students will be creating own study curriculum for each part of the year (with our supervision) and will be responsible for selecting study materials and textbooks. For assessment of studies, students will be sending to us written (in electronic form) essays reflecting student's knowledge of the subject. Academic YearAcademic Year is different from calendar year. Each educational year for the degree program has 60 educational credits received after successful completion of required courses if we use 60-credits per year system (also called in our University "International System"),or 30 credits per year if we use 30-credits per year system (also called in our University "North American System"). In both systems number of study hours per year is identical and cost is based on academic year cost. 30 credits per year system will not give any financial advantage because cost per credit will be higher. Yearly cost must be divided by number of credit to receive cost per credit. Educational CreditEach area of study may generate from one to several educational credit depending on the size of the course(sometimes called credit hour) . It is assumed that each credit equal to 20-25 academic hours of study if we use 60 credits per year system (also called in our University "International System"), or 45-50 academic hours per credit if we use 30 credits per year system (also called in our University "North American System"). For each academic year we require completion of 60 educational credits, based on Bologna Process (equal to 30 educational credits in most United States Universities that never adopted European evaluation system). If student selects "North American System", his/her academic year will requirement of completion of 30 educational credits per year. Academic HourAcademic hour is equal to 50 minutes. Straightforward evaluationWe can use non-discriminative pass/fail academic evaluation system without grade-point averages, or other form of selective (discriminative) grading. Pass/fail academic evaluation is acceptable under Bologna Process. United States and European Union evaluationAt the same time, student may request grading system similar to system used in universities and colleges of the United States and European Union. United States Evaluation System, numerical values are
applied to grades as follows:
ECTS grading scale (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System): A - outstanding performance with only minor errors B - above the average standard but with some errors C - generally sound work with a number of notable errors D - fair but with significant shortcomings E - performance meets the minimum criteria F – fail, considerable further work is required Sending your work to usAfter learning a subject independently, student will prepare written work related to the subject/course learned and will submit it to us by electronic mail. Each enrolled student will receive details on preparation of written work. We are not providing any additional information to people that are not enrolled, we only can say that it is not difficult and everybody can do it. Each area of study may generate from one to several educational credit depending on the size of the course. Each credit is equal to 25 academic hours of study (50 hours of study per credit if student selects 30 credits per year system). We will be issuing supportive guidance
(if necessary) to assure that student is selecting proper
subjects for study. If we issue to student passing score for
the essay, credit hour(s) would
be added to educational files. Depending on the study depth of
each subject, student may select general educational courses or
to enter into our degree programs in Arts or Sciences.
|
From public
educational resources
The purpose of the Bologna Process (or Bologna Accords) is the creation of the European Higher Education Area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe, in particular under the Lisbon Recognition Convention.
It is
named after the place it was proposed, the University of
Bologna, with the signing in 1999 of the Bologna declaration
by Education Ministers from 29 European countries. It was
opened up to other countries signatory to the European
Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe; further
governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001),
Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007), and Leuven
(2009).
Before the signing
of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Charta
Universitatum had been issued at a meeting of university
rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University
of Bologna – and thus of European universities – in 1988.
One year before the Bologna declaration, education ministers
Claude Allegre (France), Jürgen Rüttgers (Germany), Luigi
Berlinguer (Italy) and Baroness Blackstone (UK) signed the
Sorbonne declaration in Paris 1998, committing themselves to
"harmonizing the architecture of the European Higher
Education system".
It is a common
misconception that the Bologna Process is an EU initiative.
The Bologna Process currently has 47 participating
countries, whereas there are only 27 Member States of the
EU. While the European Commission
is an important contributor to the Bologna Process, the
Lisbon Recognition Convention was actually prepared by the
Council of Europe and members of the Europe Region of
UNESCO.
Signatories
-
from 1999: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United
Kingdom.
-
from 2001: Croatia, Cyprus,
Liechtenstein, Turkey
-
from 2003: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Holy See, Russia, Serbia, Macedonia
-
from 2005: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine
-
from May 2007: Montenegro
-
from 2010: Kazakhstan
This makes Monaco
and San Marino the only members of the Council of Europe
which did not adopt the Bologna Process (although they might
consider joining once France and Italy have implemented it).
All member states of the EU are participating in the
Process. Other countries eligible to join the initiative are
Belarus.
The following
organizations are also part of the follow-up of the Process:
ESU, EUA, EURASHE, EI, ENQA, UNICE as well as the Council of
Europe, the European Commission and UNESCO. Other networks
at this level include ENIC, NARIC and EURODOC.
Framework
The basic framework
adopted is of three cycles of higher education
qualification. As outlined in the Bergen Declaration
of 2005, the cycles are defined in terms of qualifications
and European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS)
credits:
-
1st cycle: typically 180–240 ECTS
credits, usually awarding a Bachelor's degree. The
European Higher Education Area did not introduce the
Bachelor with Honours programme, which allows graduates
with a "BA hons." degree (e.g. in UK, USA, Canada) to
undertake doctoral studies without first having to
obtain a Master's degree.
-
2nd cycle: typically 90–120 ECTS
credits (a minimum of 60 on 2nd-cycle level). Usually
awarding a Master's degree.
-
3rd cycle: Doctoral degree. No ECTS
range given.
In most cases, these
will take 3, 2, and 3 years respectively to complete. The
actual naming of the degrees may vary from country to
country.
One academic year
corresponds to 60 ECTS-credits that are equivalent to
1,500–1,800 hours of study. The new model comes closer to
the North American and Japanese systems. It gives greater
weight to practical training and to intensive research
projects. The way credits are measured reflects how hard a
student has worked. The new evaluation methods reflect not
only a student's performance on exams, but also his or her
lab experiments, presentations, hours spent on study,
innovation capacities, and so forth.
Goals
The Bologna Process
was a major reform created with the claimed goal of
providing responses to issues such as the public
responsibility for higher education and research, higher
education governance, the social dimension of higher
education and research, and the values and roles of higher
education and research in modern, globalized, and
increasingly complex societies with the most demanding
qualification needs.
Academic aspects
The requirement of
60 ECTS per year assumes that 1,500–1,800 hours are used by
student per year. However, the Bologna Process does not
standardize semesters.
Effects by state
Contrary to popular
belief, the Bologna Process was not based on a European
Union initiative. It constitutes an intergovernmental
agreement, between both EU and non-EU countries. Therefore,
it does not have the status of EU legislation. Also, as the
Bologna Declaration is not a treaty or convention, there are
no legal obligations for the signatory states. The extent of
participation and cooperation is completely voluntary.
Although the Bologna
Declaration was created outside and without the EU
institutions, the European Commission plays an increasingly
important role in the implementation of the Process. The
Commission has supported several European projects (the
Tuning project, the TEEP project) connected to quality
assurance etc. Most countries do not currently fit the
framework – instead they have their own time-honored
systems. The system will have an undergraduate and
postgraduate division, with the bachelor degree in the
former and the master and doctoral in the latter.
In mainland Europe
five year first degrees are common. This situation is
changing rapidly as the Bologna Process is implemented.
Depending on the
country and the development of its higher education system,
some introduced ECTS, discussed their degree structures and
qualifications, financing and management of higher
education, mobility, etc. At the institutional level, the
reform involves higher education institutions, their
faculties or departments, student and staff representatives
and many other participants. The priorities varied from
country to country and from institution to institution.
Bologna declaration
The Bologna
declaration (Joint declaration of the European
Ministers of Education convened in Bologna on the 19th of
June 1999) is the main guiding document of the Bologna
process. It was adopted by ministers of education of 29
European countries at their meeting in Bologna in 1999.
It proposed a
European Higher Education Area in which students and
graduates could move freely between countries, using prior
qualifications in one country as acceptable entry
requirements for further study in another.
The principal aims
agreed were:
-
"Adoption of a system of easily
readable and comparable degrees". That is to say,
countries should adopt common terminology and standards
-
"Adoption of a system essentially
based on two main cycles, undergraduate and graduate.
Access to the second cycle shall require successful
completion of first cycle studies, lasting a minimum of
three years. The degree awarded after the first cycle
shall also be relevant to the European labor market as
an appropriate level of qualification. The second cycle
should lead to the master and/or doctorate degree as in
many European countries."
The Bergen meeting
subsequently refined the second point, and produced a
three-cycle framework of qualifications, which in the UK
terminology (adopted, at least partially, by many European
countries) would be Bachelor for a first degree of three
years, Master for subsequent study, and Doctor for a degree
which has "made a contribution through original research
that extends the frontier of knowledge by developing a
substantial body of work".
The Bologna
declaration has later been followed up a series of meetings
between EU ministers. Each meeting has produced a communiqué
based on their deliberations. To date these include the
Prague communiqué (2001), the Berlin communiqué (2003), the
Bergen communiqué (2005), the London communiqué (2007),
the Leuven & Louvain-la-Neuve communiqué
(2009).
The Bologna
Ministerial Anniversary Conference 2010 in Budapest and
Vienna was held in March 2010. It issued the Budapest-Vienna
Declaration.
The communiqués
indicate that progress is being made towards the Bologna
Declaration's aim of a European Higher Education Area,
however such an area is not universally accepted as being a
desirable outcome.
According to the
Budapest-Vienna declaration, the next Ministerial Meeting
will be hosted by Romania in Bucharest on 26–27 April 2012.
| Back to Main Page |
Copyright
© 1986-2012 Holy State University & International
Church of Eternal Revival. All Materials are
subjects of Copyright, Trademark and all other applicable Laws. All
Rights Reserved.
|
main page